Monomer free essay sample

An example of a polymer is PH (polyhydroxybutyrate) -PH is a natural polyester polymer produced by the bacteria/enzyme Allegiances Torturous as an energy storage material. Production To produce the polymer PH, genetically modified bacteria such as Allegiances Torturous is placed in an aqueous medium and supplied with a rich carbon based food source such as glucose, providing growth(bacteria getting bigger) and proliferation(bacteria dividing and multiply). Once the population is large enough it is moved to a different environment where certain nutrients such as nitrogen is restricted from the nutrient supply so the organism stops reproduction and the bacteria produces PH as a nutrient source to be metabolites later. -When the process is done the bacteria is lased (cut open) and cleaned, PH is extracted with a solvent which can be a number of different substances, this too is separated from the remaining mass.By placing the solvent into water, PH will precipitate into a fine white po wder with a purity of at least 98%, the solvent is also usually recycled in a closed system. We will write a custom essay sample on Monomer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page -The powder collected in the extraction stage can be made into pellets or small chunks using machinery, to improve durability and trench, plasticizer can be added, these pellets can be used in moulds or made into larger pieces by compaction.Properties -High tensile strength of mamma(with additives) -Thermoplastic (softens when heated, flexible, easily reshaped and is recyclable) -Insoluble in water -High PM -Biodegradability -Absorbability/Non-TOXicity -Brittle however it can be genetically manipulated with additives in order to make it more durable. Uses -Can be used in the fast food industry for things such as utensils, cups and plates because PH is insoluble in water, non-toxic, high tensile strength and degradable -The biodegradability of PH has great appeal for the potential replacement of widely used polymers derived from petrochemicals.Petrochemicals such as polypropylene and polyethylene are often used for packaging, although they are hazardous to the environment, as when th ey are discarded they do not decompose. -PH could thus be a replacement for disposable nappies and packaging in the form of bottles, plastic bags and cling film as PR is flexible, biodegradable and non-toxic. -This would eliminate the need for recycling without fear of pollution, for PH can be impolitely decomposed by bacteria into only carbon dioxide and water. The absorbability and biodegradability of PH also open it to many other uses, which are currently not possible with other petrochemical products. -PH is currently being utilized in the medical industry, where plates can be made from PH to be left in place to heal fractured bones due to its strength and once the bones heal PH is slowly broken down within the body without any adverse effects. Sutures Can also be made from PH as it is non-toxic and objectionable meaning that it wont be rejected from the human body as it is insoluble in water meaning that it wont dissolve in the body Advantages -It is biodegradable so unlike polyethylene and other petroleum derived plastics it will help to reduce the levels of rubbish in landfills. -It is compatible with organisms (objectionable) so therefore it is not rejected by our bodys immune system so it can be used safely -It is a renewable resource Disadvantages -The main disadvantage of PH is that it is extremely expensive to produce, costing approximately 4 times that of polyethylene. The demand for PH currently is not high enough for its production to be economically viable -The reduct ion of PH requires medical professionals which in summary WOUld increase the cost of production -Extremely brittle so therefore it cannot sustain high impacts while being used however currently this has been solved by adding plasticizer and other additives yet this increases the cost of production. -The recovery of the polymer can be difficult while giving only modest yields.Evaluation and Current progress -Currently PH is considered not an efficient alternative to petroleum based polymers such as ethylene due to its cost as it is approximately 4 times for expensive than ethylene. However as technology advances it may one day become an efficient alternative as modifications such as additives are used to make the polymer more cost-effective as well as different production are being sought out. -For example, experiments are being done to find an alternative for nutrient sources.They are starting to be derived from waste material such as molasses and other agricultural wastes. This will in turn reduce the cost of production greatly -Also recent genetic engineering results have proven that transferring the enzyme, Allegiances Torturous into E. Coli acetate will create an environment that will allow faster growth, higher yields and easier recovery meaning that one day PH can become a viable alternative to petroleum based polymers.Discuss the need for alternative sources of the compounds presently obtained from the petrochemical industry -Many polymers and fuels are currently derived from petrochemicals such as crude oil which are convenient and economical Petrochemicals are chemicals made from compounds of natural gas, coal and petroleum -Over the last century the use of petrochemicals has increased dramatically since it serves as a primary source f energy for transportation , while it is also used to produce materials such as plastic. However the world reserves of petrochemicals are dwindling due to: There nature of being a non-renewable and unsustainable resource Increasing rates of consumption and demand Rising costs due to its depletion Substantial environmental issues such as pollution from the combustion of these petrochemicals and the release Of greenhouse gases. -Currently, it is predicted that the Australias crude oil and petroleum reserves will last around another 10-20 years and since fossil fuels are not renewable they will non run out -Therefore we need an alternative source of petrochemicals that are renewable and sustainable and that source is biomass. Biomass: carbon based material produced by living organisms, mainly plants -Alternative sources such as biomass would be favorable to use as it would prevent problems such as: Facing the same problem of exhaustion that petroleum will be facing soon Causing the release of more carbon into the carbon pool in the form of carbon dioxide Explain what is meant by a condensation polymer -A polymer formed when monomers combine via a chemical process called indentation which involves the elimination of a small molecule (often water or methane) as by-product when pairs of monomer molecules join together.Examples of condensation polymers include natural ones such as cellulose, starch, cotton and also synthetic (man made) ones such as polyester, nylon and PET Describe the reaction involved when a condensation polymer is formed -In a condensation reaction two monomers chemically combine by eliminating a small molecule as by-product (usually water or methane) Two molecules join together and rele ase another. The type of end product resulting from a indentation popularization is dependent on the number of functional end groups of the monomer which can react -Usually formed by the reaction of 2 functional groups egg.C-NAH (amine), C-OH (alcohol), O=C-OH (carboxylic acid), O=C-NAH (Amide) n(HO-C6H1004-B) + (n 1)H2O -In the formation of cellulose seen above, n p glucose monomers combine to form the cellulose chain and (n 1) molecules of water where n is the number of monomers When two ; glucose monomers react, a hydroxyl group from each combine to condense a water molecule, leaving an oxygen atom linking the two monomers. This process repeats to form a long chainDescribe the structure of cellulose and identify it as an example of a condensation polymer found as a major component of biomass -Cellulose consists of a hexagonal carbon based rings with five carbons and a lone oxygen atom in each ;-glucose monomer. The bottom 4 carbons each have a hydrogen and hydroxyl group link ed where it has free electrons and the lone carbon on top has a hydrogen and COACH group -Cellulose as said in the previous dot point is a natural condensation polymer that undergoes a condensation reaction with the removal of water For bonding to occur, every second glucose molecule must be inverted.This results in the COACH group to be inverted, resulting in a linear structure Of the polymer. Strong H bonding between OH groups makes cellulose strong hard and resistant to chemical attack and insoluble in water since the hydroxyl groups cannot interact with water and they therefore cannot break the hydrogen bonds. This is an example of why cellulose can be used in building material such as wood and insulation -Also the bulky COACH substitutes makes accounts for cellulose rigidness and high crystalline. The existence of both intra-chain (within chains) and inter-chain (between chains) hydrogen bonding makes cellulose a very strong and hard to separate monomer. -Since cellulose has hundreds and thousands of ;-glucose monomers in a chain it is hard, rigid and has a high melting point. -In summary there are many factors that make cellulose a very strong and rigid polymer. Cellulose is the most abundant polymer in nature since it is used in cell walls to provide strength -Normal dry plant matter (which forms a large proportion of the earths biomass) are made of about 50% cellul ose, and plants on earth produce approximately 500 billion tones of the substance each year. Therefore it is the most abundant component of the biomass. It is a renewable source that is formed during photosynthesis Identify that cellulose contains the basic carbon-chain structures needed to build petrochemicals and discuss its potential as a raw material -The basic carbon-chain structures that are used to make petrochemicals are short- chained alikeness such as ethylene, propane and butane and since glucose contains six carbons it has the potential to be used to convert into the alikeness aforementioned Cellulose to Ethylene -Cellulose is a major component of biomass where cellulose itself can be Rosen down and since it is from biomass It is renewable. This means that cellulose contains the basic carbon chain structures that can be used to build compounds that are presently obtained from petrochemicals -However before it can be used in petrochemicals it must be converted in to ethylene through these steps: 1 . Break the cellulose down into glucose using either Decomposition with Noah and cellulose or Acid Hydrolysis (with heating) Th e reason for using these methods is that there are many hydrogen bonds between chains making cellulose quite compact and hard to separate. 2. Fermentation of glucose into ethanol Yeast and bacteria ferment the glucose down into ethanol, releasing CA Egg.

Qualitative Validity And Reliability Qualitative Data Collection Coursework

Qualitative Validity And Reliability Qualitative Data Collection Coursework Qualitative Validity And Reliability Qualitative Data Collection – Coursework Example Qualitative Validity and Reliability Qualitative Data Collection. Instruction: Qualitative Validity and Reliability Qualitative Data Collection.1. Throughout the article, the authors establish qualitative validity and reliability through the use of a historical perspective which is heavily laden with statistical information. These statistical information and their historical perspective lay a firm foundation for the proper evaluation of the research article on homeless women with preschool children. Additionally, the sampling choices consisting of two groups of different environments ensured that the research was presented with a case that covered all the possible environments, thereby resulting in a more reliable representation of the issue under research (Creswell 2013, pp. 188). This was further augmented through the use of focus groups as a data collection mechanism, which helped ensure reliable data consequently improving the validity and reliability of the research holistically . 2. The qualitative article primarily uses focus groups to collect the data used in the research article. This is whereby the researchers come up with a conducive setting and ensure that the sampled individuals feel safe about giving out as much information about the topic as possible (Averitt 2003, pp. 85). The safety and confidentiality associated with such focus groups ensures that the data is as reliable and valid as possible. Moreover, the researcher gets to interact with the sample in such a way that he/she experiences the effects of homelessness in the context that it is presented. Women for the focus groups were selected from the two identified shelters based on their adherence to a criteria that filtered them based on having at least one preschool child. These sessions are then recorded, and this is what constitutes the data collection mechanism for the qualitative research.References.Averitt, S. (2003). â€Å"‘Homelessness is not a choice!’ The Plight of Hom eless Women with Preschool Children Living in Temporary Shelters† Journal of Family Nursing, 9(1): pp. 79-100.Creswell, J. (2013). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. Los Angeles, LA: SAGE Publications.

Harrison Surname Meaning and Origin

Harrison Surname Meaning and Origin Harrison is a patronymic surname meaning son of Harry. The given name Harry is a derivation of Henry, itself a derivation of the Germanic name Heimirich, which means home ruler, from the elements heim or home and ric, meaning power, ruler. Like many patronymic surnames, the surnames HARRISON and HARRIS are often found used interchangeably in early records - sometimes within the same family. Harrison is the 38th most common surname in England and 123rd most common surname in the United States. Surname Origin:  English Alternate Surname Spellings:  HARISON, HARRESON, HARRISEN, HARRIS, HARRISSON, HARRYSON, HARRYSSON Where in the World Is the HARRISON Surname Found? According to  WorldNames public profiler, the Harrison surname is found in greatest numbers (as a percentage of population) in the United Kingdom, especially in the northern England regions of East and West Midlands, Yorkshire and Humberside, North and Northwest. It is also a very popular surname in Australia and New Zealand, followed by the United States and Ireland. Famous People With the Surname HARRISON Benjamin Harrison - 23rd U.S. PresidentWilliam Henry Harrison - 9th U.S. PresidentGeorge Harrison - musician; member of The BeatlesChris Harrison - television actor; the host of The Bachelor and The Bachelorette Genealogy Resources for the Surname HARRISON 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? The HARRISON Genealogy RepositoryFind records, family trees and more for a number of different HARRISON families, most in the United States and England. Bill Harrisons Genealogy SiteExplore Bills extensive research on his Harrison family from Staffordshire, England. The Harrison DNA ProjectOver 100 Harrison participants have joined together to use DNA as a tool to help sort out Harrison families worldwide. Harrison Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Harris surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Harris query. There is also a separate forum for the HARRIS surname. FamilySearch - HARRISON GenealogyExplore over 15 million historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Harrison surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. HARRISON Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Harrison surname. DistantCousin.com - HARRISON Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Harrison. The Harrison Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Harrison surname from the website of Genealogy Today. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. https://www.thoughtco.com/surname-meanings-and-origins-s2-1422408

Capitalizing on the New Mature Workforce Assignment

Capitalizing on the New Mature Workforce - Assignment Example This article focuses on such strategies which include forecasting the workforce aging trends, improving the ability to recruit a mature workforce, provision of flexible retirement programs with suitable benefits and providing a congenial work culture for the older workforce. Only such a reworked workforce strategy will help the progress of any organization in the coming years. The youngest working class of the present generation falls under the age group of 40 years while the oldest are in their early 60’s. Studies also reveal that the 18-34 age group population is expected to grow only by 3% over the next decade. The population which is expected to show substantial growth will be those aged 55 years or above which would result in a shortage of several millions of workers. The human resource department in many organizations is already feeling the pinch as hiring the right candidates for a job has become increasingly difficult. But this study analysis that despite the difficulties faced by the organization in hiring the right talent they continue to follow hiring strategies that target the younger generation of workers which is becoming increasingly scarce. Additionally, when the mature workforce leaves the company after their service they carry along with them all their valuable contacts and expertise which the younger working class will definitely lack. Hence recruiting and retaining the mature workforce would be a more viable option in the given conditions. Thus the present study makes an analysis of suitable policy changes which are required to be undertaken by companies to utilize the potential of the mature workforce as long as they are physically and mentally active.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Project Management - Essay Example Enterprise holdings has positioned itself as one of the leading transport companies in the world but is facing increasing competition. This calls for constantly enhancing the capacity of its workforce so that they can deliver quality services that exceed the customer’s expectations and overcome the challenges in the transport industry. Objectives The following objectives will guide the project team in achieving the mission of this this project and ultimately contributing to the success of Enterprise holdings at different phases of the project implementation cycle: 1. To review and evaluate current training in the Northwest. 2. To develop and expand the training initiative to all branches of Enterprise holdings in the United Kingdom. 3. To develop an effective training curriculum and training programmes to be used by Enterprise holdings in the United Kingdom. 4. To train all Enterprise holdings staff on emerging trends in the transport industry. While these are the pre-set obje ctives, the successful implementation of the project could also lead to other unforeseen objectives and benefits. Stakeholder analysis A project of this magnitude requires the participation of qualified personnel from outside the company with the necessary expertise and experience. ... Participating in monitoring and evaluating the success of the employee training program. Trainers Developing the training content as well as facilitating the training of employees Enterprise holdings Provision of training venues and equipment as well as financing the training exercise. Professionals in the transport industry Identification of aspects of emerging trends and practises in the industry that the staff need to be trained on. Employees To identify areas where they need to be trained on and to attend the training sessions. Project coordinator Leading the project team in planning, implementing and monitoring the training exercise. Also documents and reports on project activities. External monitoring and evaluation expert In collaboration with the project team, he will assist in determining if the objectives of the project have been met and making recommendations on areas that may require additional training. All the identified stakeholders will be contacted in time and will b e engaged in developing the implementation plan for the project. Measuring success Regular assessments will be made to know if the project is on course to achieving its goals. A combination of tools and techniques such as observation check list, questionnaires and interview guides will be used in determining the success of the program. The success of the employee training programs will be measured through a monitoring and evaluation exercise at different stages of the project. This will make it necessary for appropriate modifications to be made on the project implementation if it is determined that the project is not on course to achieving its goals and

The Secret River - Kate Grenville Essay Example for Free

The Secret River Kate Grenville Essay Kate Grenville describes the characters in The Secret River as not heroes and not devils, but Just human beings, stumbling from one small decision to the next and in so doing, without really planning it, creating the shape of their lives. The character of Will Thornhill in the novel makes several decisions some of which come from a place of circumstance and others that do not. Kate Grenvilles statement about the characters describes them to an extent as there is nothing extraordinary about them, they do not stand up for what is right as heroes do, they do not commit evil deeds as evils do. Will makes several decisions that spring from his familys history and circumstance and some that are out of his own desire for something more for his life and family. Will comes from a lower class family who feel the need to steal to survive all the Thornhills stole turnips from time to time, pg 9 They where all thieves, any time they got the chance. The dainty person could shrill all he liked about sin, but there could be no sin in thieving if it meant a full belly. Pg16 Wills dad was the primary caregiver nd was the most skilled at stealing to provide for the family. By comparison Sal comes from a middle class family; her father has money to buy her things that Wills family could not afford. In Wills eyes Sal was never short on food, especially indulgences such as oranges, sweetbread and soft white bread. Pg 17 Will comes from a long line of William Thornhills Your name is common as dirt pg 1 Iwas a curse that his sister Mary had professed over him at a young age, his response to this was William Thornhills will fill up the world pg 11 From this appening at a early age he made the decision to make himself stand out from the crowd, Its through this that every other decision in his life is affected. Will has various Jobs while he is growing up in London, after his parents passed away he feels it is his responsibility to take care of those remaining in the household. In every Job he makes the decision to steal not based on circumstances but out of a desire for excess. No-one would miss a little as there is so many pg21 this is the first instance that Will is caught stealing, He tries to lie his way out of the situation and is hipped by Crocker on the docks as a public display. Will learns not to get caught pg21 instead of not stealing at all, this is a trait that will follow him, to make decisions not from circumstance but by his own free will. There is an added element of peer pressure in this as well as his work colleagues forced the barrel to break open and encouraged him. He didnt steal the sugar out of necessity or survival but out of surplus and desire for something more in his life. Most watermen where thieves, although some went about it in a more businesslike ay page 23 this quote is fairly accurate when applied to Wills decision to steal at the river. Collarbone came into Wills life as a replacement father fgure after his died and showed him the many ways to steal from this Job. Collarbone stole some brandy saw the consequences of stealing but was blinded by the surplus amount of goods at the docks where he worked. Marrying Sal was the easiest decision Will could make, he had to work for seven years on the river to earn it and become a free man of the river the day this was granted, was the day they wed. This decision was one of desire, it was a natural progression from his initial attraction from when they were younger and was the easiest decision for Will to make. Mr. Middleton gave Will and Sal his second best wherry as a wedding gift and it was at this point that Will realized that all his decisions up until now had lead him here and he believed that this was the reward for a mans labour. page 28 The death of Sals parents had a profound effect on Wills Judgement, before this he had Just established a feeling of security and an easier future for himself and his family. This was brought about by Mr. Middleton not having any sons to leave the family business to, Wills plan was to become a strong son-in-law and through this inherit the business. The day this happened Will felt all the closed opportunities of his life open up and he gained a sense of direction. Mr. Middleton had savings and assets but during the frozen month, all of his savings and investments where dried up, Will ; Sal had seemed to have lost everything they had worked years to get What point could there be to hoping, when everything could be broken so easily? 49 It is uring this period that Will feels like he has been reduced to an animal p49 His character is described as feeling extremely empty and having a massive space where hope had been. This shifted Will back into his circumstantial decision making, the need to steal for survival mentality resurfaced and the family derived cycle began again. The biggest decision that Will makes in the story is to steal the Brazil wood from Mr. Lucas on the River. Will had been stealing all his life to survive, he knew the risks of stealing through his friend Collarbone and at this point he doesnt need to. He makes this decision based on a desire to have more in his life and refers back to when Mr. Middleton was alive and he had hope for their future. An added element was pressure for provision as Sal had Just informed him that she was expecting another mouth to feedp 55 this influenced his decision to steal as he had to increase his responsibilities as a provider and wanted to get back to getting ahead in life. It is through this decision that his life changes and it is due to a small amount of peer pressure and a desire to succeed, not based on circumstance. Factoring in all of these elements Will Thornhill makes several decisions through the novel some based on circumstances when he is a young child and his family steal for survival, and some out of a desire for more in his life fuelled by the words of his sister. This can be interpreted as greed to some extent, and to provide the kind of life Sal is used to having. Toa large extent Will is not a victim of circumstance but falls true to Kate Grenvilles comments about the characters Just human beings, planning it, creating the shape of their lives. The Secret River, Kate Grenville 2005, The Publishing Company

Canadian Sport And Class Inequality :: essays research papers

Canadian sport is divided amongst its classes. Not all people engage in the same sports or do the same things to stay physically active. In following pages, I have critically examined explanations on how to tell there are differences within classes, and what these differences mean to sport and physical activity in Canada.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After examining some reasons why there is division within classes in Canadian sport, I will discuss what steps or measures would be necessary to take in order to achieve equality among the classes. I will suggest some things we can do to mesh all classes together in a unified plan. I will show how Canadian sport would be different if we lived in a ‘utopia’ of equality among classes – essentially having no classes. Class equality may not be what is best for sport in Canada. I will also weigh whether or not it would be best for Canada to be without classes in its sporting system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will conclude with my recommendations on what steps must be taken for the future of Canadian sport to ensure the most efficient and equal program is in place for everyone. Class is very closely related to money and income. The more money you have or the more money your household brings in, the higher status you have. Power is also related to class and may not always belong to the coaches. In formally organized sports it may be who has the knowledge or resources desired to play the game that has the most significant amount of power. â€Å"Formally organized sports could not be developed, scheduled or maintained without material resources.†4 This certainly implies that some people hold a significant amount of power over others and remain in a class above others in sports. It should also be noted that formally organized sports are not democratic. The idea of class division is fully entertained when defining, â€Å"Rich and powerful people tend to be defined as worthy winners, while the poor and powerless tend to be defined as lazy losers.† To say there is a division of classes within sport without clearly defining each specific class, we must take a class logic mindset. Class logic can be interpreted as â€Å"economic success (winning) becomes proof of individual ability, worth, and character.† I must also mention the class logic comes to emphasize achievement through individual competition and domination over others.3 As we enter a new millennium, it is easy to draw conclusions on some things that have happened in the last.