Elements of Account Essay Example

Elements of Account Essay Sample Question Paper Code-254 ELEMENTS OF BOOK KEEPING ACCOUNTANCY Class-IX Summative Assessment-II March 2011 Examination Design of Question paper Time Allowed : 3 Hrs 01. Weightage to form of Questions Type of questions 1. 2. 3. 4. MCQs Short Answer Questions Long Answer Questions(i) Long Answer Questions(ii) Total No. of Questions 16 8 4 4 32 Marks for each Question 1 3 4 6 Total Marks 16 24 16 24 80 Maximum Marks : 80 Duration of the examination will be 3 3 ? hours. Evaluation will be done from following topics Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Journal Ledger Recording and posting of cash transactions Trial balance 20 20 20 20 80 marks 1 Sample Question Paper ELEMENTS OF BOOK KEEPING ACCOUNTANCY (Code-254) Class-IX Summative Assessment-II Time Allowed : 3 Hrs GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS : 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. The Question Paper has 32 questions in all. All questions are compulsory. Maximum Marks : 80 Questions from serial No. 1 to 16 are multiple choice questions. These are to be answered by writing the correct option in your answer sheet. Attempt all parts of a question together. Business transactions are recorded:(a) (c) in chronological order at the end of the month (b) (d) weekly None of the above 1 2. Trial Balance is prepared generally for a particular period which is ? (a) (c) week Quarter (b) (d) month Year 1 3. Goods returned of Rs. 500/- by a customer, Anil will be entered in(a) (c) Purchases Book Sales Book (b) (d) Purchases Returns book Sales Returns Book 1 4. Purpose of Sales Book is(a) (b) (c) (d) To record all sales made by the firm To record payment due to creditors To record all credit sales made by the firm to record credit sales of goods made by the firm 1 5. Salaries paid to staff will be debited to (a) (c) Salary A/c Staff A/c (b) (d) Cash A/c Expense A/c 1 1 (b) (d) Secondary entry None of the above 1 Transactions None of the above 6. A ledger is called a book of :(a) (c) Primary entry Final entry 7. A Ledger Account is prepared from:(a) (c) Events Journal (b) (d) 8. Cash Book is used to record. (a) (c) All Cash receipts only. All Cash c redits sales (b) (d) All Cash payments only All receipts payments of Cash 1 (b) (d) Original entry None of the above 1 9. Journal is called a book of (a) (c) Secondary entry Final entry 10. We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Account specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Account specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Account specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Transactions entered on the debit side of Cash-Book are posted to (a) (b) (c) (d) Debit side of the Cash Account Debit side of the respective ledger account Credit side of the respective ledger account Credit side of the Cash Account 11. If the total of the debit side of Cash Book exceeds the total on the credit side it indicates: 1 (a) (c) Favourabel cash balance (b) Excess of expenditure (d) Unfavourable cash balance Bank Overdraft 1 12. Petty Cash Book is generally prepared by: (a) (c) Every business unit Large business units (b) (d) Small business units None of the above 3 13. The object of preparing trial balance is: (a) (b) (c) (d) To ascertain the profits for the period To ascertain the accuracy of accounts To ascertain the financial position of the concern To ascertain cash balance 1 14. Purchase of furniture on credit is recorded in (a) (b) (c) (d) Purchase book Journal Cash-Book Sales-Book 1 15. Cash discount received on payment to creditor is recorded on the (a) (b) (c) (d) Credit side of the cash column of the Cash-Book On the debit side of the cash column of the Cash-Book On the credit side of the discount column of the Cash-Book On the debit side of the discount column of the Cash-Book 16. Ledger contains: (a) (b) (c) (d) All accounts Only personal accounts Only nominal accounts Only real accounts 1 17. Prepare the Purchases Book from the following details:(a) (b) (c) 3 Purchase of goods costing Rs. 5000 from M/s. Ramesh vide invoice no. 120 dated 15. 09. 2010. Purchase of Fixed Assets costing Rs. 8000 from M/s. Renu vide invoice no. 016 dated 20 . 09. 2010. Paid wages Rs. 600 in cash vide receipt no. 16 dated 25. 09. 2010. 4 18. Classify the following under the three types of accounts ( Real, Nominal and Personal): (a) (c) (e) Drawings Capital Bank (b) (d) (f) Cash Machinery Depreciation 3 3 3 3 3 3 9. Give any three uses of a ledger. 20. Differentiate between Journal and Ledger on the basis of any three points. 21. Cash Book is both a Journal a ledger. Explain. 22. Give three examples of entries which appear in a Journal Proper. 23 . Write any three limitations of preparing a Trial Balance. 24. State whether the following account will have a debit or a credit balance ? (a) (c) (e) Sales Capital Rent Paid (b) (d) (f) Purchase Return Salary Purchases 3 25. Enter the following transactions in appropriate Subsidiary Books of Ramesh for the month of January 2010: 4 Date Jan. Jan. 5. Jan. 15 Jan. 25 Transactions Sold goods to Ram Purchased goods from Hari Ram Returned goods to Hari Ram Ram Returned Goods Rs. 5,000 2,000 500 800 26. Rearrange the following steps in preparing ledger: 1. Enter the relevant amount in the amount column . 2. Record the page no. of the Journal . 3. Identify in the Ledger the account in which transactions are to be recorded. 4. Enter the date of the transaction in the date column. 4 5 27. Insert the following in Tabular Petty Cash Book. On 1st Feb. 2010 Rs. 40 were given to petty cash clerk. Feb. 2009 1. 2. 8. 12. 14. 15 Transactions Chowkidars Wages Pencils Railways freight on account of books Postage Stamps Telegrams Sundry Expenses Amount (Rs. ) 15. 00 5. 25 2. 31 1. 25 2. 44 0. 56 28. What is the main objective of preparing a Trial Balance? 29. Journalise the following transactions Date 2009 Jan. 1 Jan. 3 Jan . 7 Jan. 20 Jan. 25 Jan. 30 Started business with cash Sold Goods to Rohan Goods purchased from Sohan Paid Rent Commission Received Machinary purchased 50,000 40,000 20,000 500 200 10,000 Transactions Rs. 4 6 0. Pass the Journal Entries of M/s. Ram Traders. Post them to the Ledger from the following transactions: 6 Date 2010 April 1 April 3 April 5 April 15 Commenced Business with cash Purchased Furniture Goods purchased Cash Sales 1,50,000 25,000 30,000 40,000 Transactions Rs. 6 31. From the following information, draw up a Trial Balance in the books of Shri Subhash Chand as on 31st March,2009: 6 Transactions Capital Purchases Cash in Hand Cash at Bank Electricity exp. Stationery Office Equipment Sundry Debtors Machinery Salaries 32. Rs. ,50,000 40,000 7,000 8,500 4,800 500 2,400 8,000 1,60,000 11,400 Transactions Sales Sundry Creditor Rent Furniture Bank Loan Investment Commission paid Opening Stock Commission Received Postage Telegram Rs. 1,05,400 5,000 2,000 16,000 10,000 6,000 1,050 3,200 1,200 750 Prepare a Cash Book with discount column of Shri Shyam from the following transactions and balance it. 2009 March 1 March 3 March 5 March 10 March 12 March 15 March 18 March 25 Balance of cash in Hand Rs. 25,000 Rent paid Rs. 2,000 Purchased goods for cash Rs. 10,000 Stationery purchased Rs. 2,500 Sold Goods for Cash for Rs. ,000 Cash received from Ram Rs. 980 and discount allowed Rs. 20 Cash paid to Shyam Rs. 950 and discount Received Rs. 50 Wages Paid Rs. 2,000 7 Marking Scheme ELEMENTS OF BOOK KEEPING ACCOUNTANCY Class-IX Summative Assessment-II Time : 3 hours Q No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17. 18 Answer (a) (d) (d) (d) (a) (c) (c) (d) (b) (c) (a) (c) (b) (b) (c) (a) Maximum Marks : 80 Marks Purchase Book Balance Rs. 5,000 (a) (c) (e) Personal Account Personal Account Real Account (b) (d) (f) Real Account Real Account Nominal Account 8 19. (i) It provides complete information about all accounts in one book. ii) It facilitates the preparation of final accounts. (iii) It enables to ascertain the main items of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities and their amounts. 20. Point of Distinction 1. 2. Nature Stage of Recording Journal It is a book of primary entry. Recording in the journal is the first stage. 3. Balancing Journal is not balanced Ledger It is a book of final entry Recording in the ledger is the second stage. All ledger accounts (except nominal accounts) are balanced in the ledger. 21. The Cash Book is a book of original entry since transactions are recorded for the first time from the source document. The Cash Book is a ledger in the sense that it is designed in the form of a Cash Account and records Cash receipts on the debit side and cash payments on the credit side, Thus, the Cash Book is both a journal and a ledger. 22. (i) Outstanding Expenses. (ii) Prepaid Expenses (iii) Entries for Dishonor of Bills. 23. Limitation of a Trial Balance- A Trial Balance is not a conclusive proof of the accuracy of the books of accounts since certain types of errors remain even when the Trial Balance tallies. The following errors do not affect the trial Balance at all. a) (c) 24 (a) Error of Principle, (B) Compensating error, Error of Recording in the books of original entry. Credit Debit Debit Error of complete omission (d) Credit (b) (d) (f) (c) Credit (e) Debit 25. Sales Book Rs. 5,000, Purchase Book Rs. 2,000, Purchase Return Book Rs. 500, Sales Return Book Rs. 800. 26. In order of 3-4-2-1. 27. Total Payment Rs. 26. 81 Balance c/d Rs. 13. 19 Grand Total Rs. 40. 00 Cash Required Rs. 26. 81 9 28. (i) To ascertain the arithmetical accuracy of Ledger accounts. (ii) To help in locating errors. (iii) To facilitate the preparation of financial statements. 9. Date 2009 Jan. 1 Particulars Cash A/c To Capital A/c (Being business started with cash) Jan. 3 Rohan To Sales A/c (Being the goods sold to Rohan) Jan. 7 Purchase A/c To Sohan (Being the goods purchased from Sohan) Jan. 20 Rent A/c To Cash A/c (Being the rent paid) Jan. 25 Cash A/c Dr. 200 200 Dr. 500 500 Dr. 20,000 20,000 Dr. 40,000 40,000 Dr. Debit (Rs. ) 50,000 50,000 Credit (Rs. ) To Commission Received A/c (Being the commission received) Jan. 30 Machinery A/c To Cash A/c Dr. 10,000 10,000 Being the Machinery purchased Total 1,20,700 1,20,700 10 30. (a) Date 2010 April 1. Particulars Cash A/C To Capital A/c (being started business with cash) Furniture A/c To Cash A/c (being the goods purchased for cash) Purchase A/c To Cash A/c (being the goods purchased for cash) Cash A/c To Sale A/c (bring the goods sold for cash LF Amounts Rs. 1,50,00 Amounts Rs. 1,50,000 April 3. 25,000 25,000 April 5. 30,000 30,000 April 15. 40,000 40,000 (b) Balance of following ledger Accounts Cash A/c Rs. 1, 35,000,Furniture A/c Rs. 25,000, Purchase A/c Rs. 30,000, Sales A/c Rs. 40,000. 31. Trial Balance Total Rs. 2, 71,600. 32. Cash Book Balance C/D Rs. 16530. 00, Discount Dr. Rs. 20. 00, Discount Cr. Rs. 50. 00. 11

Free Essays on Who Killed Percy Boyd Staunton

The supernatural has been a topic of discussion since before time. Sometimes it’s even referred to â€Å"powers beyond our control.† There have always been mysteries to the human mind that still have not yet been explained. Fifth business shares this theme of the supernatural several times within the novel itself. It shows itself to Dunny, Percy and Paul. Paul Dempster killed Percy Boyd Staunton. This is proven by the fact that Paul was an escape artist. As well, hypnosis could have played a part in the killing. Finally, Paul had made the statement: â€Å"I have everything I need.† Paul was an escape artist. He shoed his appearance illusion on his magic show. â€Å"He began his show by appearing in the middle of the stage out of nowhere; he plucked a wand from the air, and wrapping himself in a black cloak, suddenly became transparent†¦then, after another flourish of the cloak, he was present in the flesh again.† (203-204). This was the Pepper’s Ghost illusion. Paul had also performed several escaping tricks such as â€Å"†¦From ropes and straps bound on him by men from the audience who fancied themselves as artists in bondage.† (205). The grand escape was being in the metal container, in the water. â€Å"Eisengrim, wearing only a pair of bathing trunks, was handcuffed and pushed upside down into a metal container like a milk can. The top of the milk can was fastened shut with padlocks, some of which members of the audience had brought with them. The milk can was lowered into a tank of water, with glass windows in it so that the audience could see the interior clearly. Curtains were drawn around the tank and its contents, and the audience sat in silence to await events. Two men were asked to time the escape; and if more than 3 minutes elapsed, they were to order the fireman who was in attendance to break open the milk can without delay. The three minutes passed. The fireman was given the word and made a very clumsy business of ge... Free Essays on Who Killed Percy Boyd Staunton Free Essays on Who Killed Percy Boyd Staunton The supernatural has been a topic of discussion since before time. Sometimes it’s even referred to â€Å"powers beyond our control.† There have always been mysteries to the human mind that still have not yet been explained. Fifth business shares this theme of the supernatural several times within the novel itself. It shows itself to Dunny, Percy and Paul. Paul Dempster killed Percy Boyd Staunton. This is proven by the fact that Paul was an escape artist. As well, hypnosis could have played a part in the killing. Finally, Paul had made the statement: â€Å"I have everything I need.† Paul was an escape artist. He shoed his appearance illusion on his magic show. â€Å"He began his show by appearing in the middle of the stage out of nowhere; he plucked a wand from the air, and wrapping himself in a black cloak, suddenly became transparent†¦then, after another flourish of the cloak, he was present in the flesh again.† (203-204). This was the Pepper’s Ghost illusion. Paul had also performed several escaping tricks such as â€Å"†¦From ropes and straps bound on him by men from the audience who fancied themselves as artists in bondage.† (205). The grand escape was being in the metal container, in the water. â€Å"Eisengrim, wearing only a pair of bathing trunks, was handcuffed and pushed upside down into a metal container like a milk can. The top of the milk can was fastened shut with padlocks, some of which members of the audience had brought with them. The milk can was lowered into a tank of water, with glass windows in it so that the audience could see the interior clearly. Curtains were drawn around the tank and its contents, and the audience sat in silence to await events. Two men were asked to time the escape; and if more than 3 minutes elapsed, they were to order the fireman who was in attendance to break open the milk can without delay. The three minutes passed. The fireman was given the word and made a very clumsy business of ge...

Circular Distributors Marketing Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Circular Distributors Marketing Services - Essay Example Now a days with the easy availability of information, companies generally wishes to target individual customers rather than going for a mass population. Therefore it has provided a huge opportunity for the firms indulged in supplying of services. Apart from providing information about the consumers to their clients these organisations on behalf of the client also communicates the messages to the target consumer group. The report is principally focused on the market analysis of Circular Distributor’s Ltd. In this process the report will try to make an analysis of their service offerings and portray it in a meaningful way. The report will also try to put out a new service development strategy for the company. Apart from this the dissertation will also highlight some of the ways to implement the newly developed strategy. Circular Distributor’s Ltd: A Brief Overview Circular Distributor’s Ltd. is an organisation which is considered as the pinnacle of information prov iding service industry. The company is in business for more than 50 years. The company mainly work as the supplier of services to the target consumers of their clients. ... Therefore it is highly recommended that that service organisations should constantly keep an eye on the turbulent marketing environment and take necessary steps in order to respond quickly to the demanding situations. The company is mainly in the business of providing direct marketing services for its clients. These include selling of informational services, door to door delivery and later came up with different publications. The company is also in a strong association with its client Lever brothers, for them the company has delivered around 10 million free samples to different households throughout the United Kingdom. The important and noticeable publications of the company include Emma’s diary, one step-ahead publication, Emma’s diary pre-school guide and married life. Each of the variants was meant for different segment of customers. For example Emma’s diary was only intended for pregnant women (Emmasdiary, n.d.). Since the company is associated into diversifi ed business lines there will be availability competitors from different segments, but the major competitors of the company are Claritas, ICD and Experian. Market Analysis: Circular Distributor’s Ltd. Circular Distributor’s Ltd. started its marketing operations in the form of scatter gun approach but later changed to distribution mode. The company generally delivered promotional leaflets as well as Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) like soaps, shampoos and tea bags among others to the households of different consumers. But such system is considered quite one-dimensional in current scenarios and therefore some new techniques were necessity for the company to survive in the long run. And with the course of time industries like FMCG had more exciting

Dissertation Assignment Power Point Additions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Dissertation Power Point Additions - Assignment Example (In many cases, inadequate knowledge on the biomedical factors related to obesity in childhood, the possible factors were not revealed, and as a result, the phenomenon of childhood obesity and its holistic medicine implications were less understood and hence remained unknown) (Mainstream biomedical model of healthcare can access this population, but that field is totally unaware of the holistic dimension of the requisite interventions, hence fails to implement them leading to failure to control childhood obesity) (This author's knowledge and expertise in holistic medicine and ability to apply appropriate research methodology may lead to delineation of guidelines based on clinical holistic medicine that may indeed fruitfully lead to successful interventions culminating into behavioral changes in children) (Biomedical solutions have been ineffective in controlling these problems, although these have been able to deliver the factors that cause childhood obesity. Behavioral theories pertinent to holistic medicine indicate that lifestyle change is a matter of behavioral modification, which may be initiated by awareness about the factors related to the problem, but sustenance of these changed behaviors must have an element of self-effort on the part of individuals at risk or already affected) Holistic family interventions to modify

Erickson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Analysis

Erickson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Analysis Psychology 1: Development and learning Identity verse confusion An adolescent is a person who is currently in the process of developing from a child into an adult. This process involves many social and physical changes that challenge the adolescent. It is in this stage that a person forms their identity. This time period has been defined by Erik Erikson as Identity verse Confusion. This period can be particularly challenging and in a post-Apartheid South Africa, adolescence are finding this stage more challenging than in the past. (Bray, Gooskens, Khan, Moses Seekings, 2010) Erick Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the few developmental theories that does not restrict development to a specific age group or time period, but rather he suggests that development is a continuous process that spans the entirety of human life. (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013) His theory is broken into 8 distinctive stages. In order for one to progress from one stage to the next a person must complete the challenge or crisis associated with that stage. Erickson’s places particular emphasis on the adolescent stage (ages 12 -20) identity verse confusion. (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013) Erikson believed this stage was particularly important in the sense that it was at this stage that one builds social relationships, finds a sense of belonging and decided the general direction of their life. He also believed once this stage was completed one could move on to the next stage Intimacy vs Isolation. (Ages 20 – 30). This stage is considered young adul thood and associated with finding a life partner, settling down and falling into your job role. (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013) In the earlier stages of Erikson’s theory, a child’s identity is primarily based on identification with role models. (Thom Coetzee, 2004) However during adolescence there is need create a sense of autonomy and as a result the adolescent moves away from the parents and role models and looks toward peer groups for guidance and support in their search for identity (Allen Land, 1999). The adolescents also begin to question previous ideologies that they had acquired throughout childhood and begin to retain and identify with opinions that assimilate into their new world views. (Thom Coetzee, 2004) However Erikson’s theory does not consider how different cultures, classes and genders differ in this developmental process. In a post-Apartheid South Africa there is a significant difference between say how an African and a Caucasian adolescent develop due to cultural differences and expectations (Thom Coetzee, 2004). There is also a difference between males and females, as well as those who live in lower socio economic circumstances in comparison with those who occupy the wealthier socio economic station in life with in South Africa. (Bray, Gooskens, Khan, Moses Seekings, 2010). Erick Erikson’s theory is focused on a western perspective of development and therefore as result as I as a white, middle class, educated female, fall within the bounds of his theory. Erikson believes that the conflict that adolescents must overcome is the conflict between identity and role confusion (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). They have to begin making decisions that will affect their life in the future, for example whether to attend university or go straight into the work force as well as opinions such as political views and religious views must also develop. (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). This I can strongly relate to and as an adolescent I grappled and still grapple with these challenges. In my matric year these questions of my future where most prevalent, choosing a degree and a university was the first major conflict that I faced and it is one that took almost the entire year to overcome. The pressure to choose a socially acceptable degree, that still is within my skill set and what I love to do was a challenge, naturally my parents were drawn to the idea of me perusing a degree in commerce that would be practical. However I had formed my own opinion and as Allen and Land (2010) mention I began to question previous ideologies set out by my parents, that they had acquired throughout childhood and begin to retain and identify with opinions that fitted more in line with what I believed. As a result I chose a degree and a university that would fit my views and as a result I’m perusing a Batchelor of Arts degree, successfully overcoming that challenged. Furthermore in 2014 my political views were also challenged as it was an election year. Having just turned eighteen I was permitted to vote for the first time and as a result I had to question and form a knowledge base of who and what I needed to support before I cast my vote. These challenges where overcome eventually overcome by active seeking of information. Erickson expresses a great importance is placed on per groups during this period of adolescence and as a result I found myself turning to my close friend groups for advice on both challenges. However this process cannot apply to all adolescents within South Africa. South African adolescents have all been subjected to socio-political changes in recent years and as a result they are forming identities in a society that is itself undergoing a transformation (Thom Coetzee, 2004). As a result adolescents may experience a dual identity crisis, their individual as well as a cultural crisis (Kilpatrick, 1974 as cited in Thom Coetzee, 2004). An example of this is seen within the black adolescent group. During Apartheid many black adolescents identified with groups with strong social and cultural identities (Kilpatrick, 1974 as cited in Thom Coetzee, 2004). The black adolescents all experienced the same oppressive conditions under the apartheid regime and as a result formed a common group identity. It could be said that this structured group identity model continues to serve as a clear frame of reference in this post-Apartheid era (Thom Coetzee, 2004). However since 1994 South Africa has been governed by a democratic system, eliminating the factor of oppression. Therefore African cultures are now recognised and dignified and as a result young black South Africans can accept their culture with pride. Making it possible for these adolescents to choose the direction of their lives without the overhanging factor of oppression allowing for a more personal choice of identity rather than a group identity (Thom Coetzee, 2004). However it could be said that this newly found social freedom could be contributing to role confusion within black adolescents. Since the end of apartheid new role models and economic structures have been formed and as a result South Africa is becoming increasingly more globalised. this has affected the black adolescence in the fact that they two are becoming globalised and as a result they are merging their cultural roots with western ideals. This however may isolate them from their cultural backgrounds and elders and therefore leaded to confusion on where they belong (Early, 2008) Other factors that can affect adolescent identity development that are not considered by Erikson’s theory is gender and social demographics. Again due to the previous Apartheid regime many young South Africans have been subjected to the effects of a history of legitimised power relationships between racial groups and the culturally inscribed gender roles that accompany it (Bray, Gooskens, Khan, Moses Seekings, 2010). As a result there are different expectations that are placed on males and females, even within the same cultural groups. An examples are boys, especially in poorer socio-economic arears, who are expected to conform to the ridged definition of masculinity. This is a result of the absence of jobs, and recreational activities for the young men and therefore these men must prove themselves in alternative fashion, often resorting to violence (Bray, Gooskens, Khan, Moses Seekings, 2010). As stated previously Erickson believed that during this time of adolescence peer relationships become increasingly important in the adolescence search for autonomy. (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). However even these peer relationships are affected by race, gender and social standing and as the adolescent begins to explore the possibility of romantic relationships and sexual relationships these factors again play a role (Bray, Gooskens, Khan, Moses Seekings, 2010). For example adolescences within African neighbourhoods report to have more sexual relations then those in poor coloured neighbourhoods. Those in poor neighbourhoods stated that they had more sexual relations then those in wealthier coloured neighbourhoods and those in wealthier coloured neighbourhood’s sates that they had more sexual relations those in white neighbourhoods (Bray, Gooskens, Khan, Moses Seekings, 2010). This shows how demographics and race affect your relationships and ultimately your identity. The examples above show how within South Africa there is a diverse range of what adolescent development entails. However they have not expressed what the basic skills and values that are necessary for the resolution if an identity crisis James Marcia expanded on Erick Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development theory. He suggested that there where a combination of explorations which involve active questioning aimed at making decisions about goals and values and a commitment to those goals and values (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). He determined that there were four identity statuses: foreclosure, identify diffusion, marorium and identity achievement (Waterman, 1982). Identity foreclosure relates to when a commitment is made without exploring any alternatives to that commitment. Often adolescents who fall in to this category base their beliefs solely on their parent’s values (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). Often this is seen in adolescents who identify greatly with their parents prior too or during adolescents (Waterman, 1982). These adolescents have not successfully overcome the identity crisis. Identity diffusion is when some adolescents become overwhelmed by the task of identity development and neither make commitments nor explore. They have little interest in identity status and often do not undergo an identity crisis (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). These adolescents will have for the most part permissive, neglecting parents and therefore will have difficulty in successfully resolving an identity crisi s (Waterman, 1982). Identity moratorium is a status of indivulaus who are currenty in a crisis who is still exploring identity commitments. These individuals have not yet overcome the crisis and may either fall in the identity diffusions status not making any commitment at all or may fall in to the identity achievement status (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). Identity achievement is the status of an individual who has successfully overcome the crisis they have undergone exploration and have made a commitment (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). The increased availability of role modles will greatly aid in the formation of stable commitments. A successful adult role model may serve as a example on how to overcome challenges and difficult situations. Furthermore Parents who they themselves have successfully achieved identity achievement will help nurture this value in their child (Waterman, 1982). Therefore in conclusion it can be said that within a South African context psychosocial development, especially identity verse confusion is experienced differently depending on race, culture, gender and demographics. it can also be said that not all adolescents experience the psychosocial crisis within this stage and therefore many do not fall in to the identity achievement status.

Caterpillar Ethics

Caterpillar’s Views on Ethics and Sustainability Caterpillar, Inc. is indeed one of the World’s most Ethical companies. In 2011 it was listed in Ethisphere’s World’s Most Ethical (WME) Companies under Industrial Manufacturing. Personal Ethics Caterpillar has a worldwide Code of Conduct. The values it stresses are integrity, excellence, teamwork, commitment. They understand the importance of diversity and strive to achieve all of the above values given a diverse world environment and despite their differences. They feel that compliance within the laws are not sufficient.They want be leaders in ethics. They require all leaders within the company to be a role model and follow all of the rules with the Worldwide Code of Conduct. They are known to have a value-based culture. They are honest and refuse to make any â€Å"improper payments† of any sort. Ethics within the Supply Chain Caterpillar says in their Worldwide Code of Conduct that they â€Å"seek strong, mutually rewarding business relationships with suppliers who enhance the value of our products and services through close collaboration throughout the entire life cycle.We view suppliers as extensions of our company and an essential part of our extended value chain. We look for suppliers and business allies who demonstrate strong values and ethical principles and who support our commitment to quality. We avoid those who violate the law or fail to comply with the sound business practices we embrace. No supplier is required to buy Caterpillar products in order to compete for business or to continue as a supplier.We do reserve the right, consistent with applicable law, to require suppliers to use Caterpillar equipment when performing work on Caterpillar premises and where Caterpillar offers a product appropriate for the work being performed. We encourage fair competition among our potential suppliers, contractors and other vendors, and work equitably and reasonably with allâ₠¬ . Ethical Behavior Regarding the Environment Caterpillar strives to come up with solutions that improve their operations efficiency in a sustainable way.They balance innovation and technology to improve their productivity and efficiency while reducing their environmental footprint. One major way they are accomplishing this is with their fast growing remanufacturing business. This is where they return end-of-life components to same-as-new condition. By doing so, they vastly reduce the amount of waste and minimize the need for the amount of raw material needed to produce new parts.

Know Your Competitors

Know Your Competitor A healthy competition among fellow people is always good for improvement in every field. Especially, a businessman needs to be aware of his competitors and the steps they are taking to draw more and more clients. There are a lot of ways, got with the help of advanced technologies, which can be used for acquiring enough data related to the market: Track the Ad: To track the advertising websites and the keywords used there by the competitors you need monitoring tools like Adbeat, AdGooroo, MixRank, Moat,SocialAdNinJa, WhatRunsWhere – any one of these. With the help of Adbeat, you can know about the strategies of the advertisements the competitors are using, many unknown fellow competitors and their advertising agenda. Even there is a 30-day free trial available. While with AdGooroo, the page-ranks and page views are available on a giant Display board. It includes SEM Insight Tool that helps to know the keywords, competitive intelligence, PPC and SEO related information.In MixRank the mixture of ll types ads companies are using are available like display ads, text ads, demographics etc. If you put the speculative competitor's brand mane in the free search tool of Moat, the search bar will produce some results on your screen showing the top ads they are using recently. Tracing the Keywords: Tracing the keywords is equally necessary to know about the recent trend of the market, what are the keywords that are attracting more page views and what are keeping rage ranks in the static position.For discovering avourable keywords, KeywordSpy, KeywordCompetitor, iSpionage, SEMrush, SpyFu and The Search Monitor are always helpful. All of them are used more or less for the same purpose, but the difference lies in the use of advanced technology. Researching on Backlinks: You can even check the backlinks by pasting the URL links, know about the present and historical records, IPs, top pages, anchor texts etc from Ahrefs, Majestic Site Explorer, and O pen Site Explorer etc.Checking Web Ranking: Get a detailed graphic picture of the targeted audience and nteractive clients of your competitor from Alexa, Compete, SimilarWeb which is famous for tracking web traffic along with many other important data. Social Media: It is really tiring and time consuming to go to the same website regularly to know about the competitor's next step. Google Alert, Social Mention, Talkwater, Topsy and Twitter – there are many options for monitoring the social media spaces of the competitors. Social media is a space with optimized potentiality and from Fan Page Karma, Twitter,